History
304
Final Exam Study
Questions
The final exam will consist of 3 parts for a total of 100 points:
The following questions are intended to help guide your study for the final exam. The final exam question will not be one of the study questions exactly as worded, but may be a variant of one or a combination of more than one. If you study for these questions you will be prepared for the final.
(1) Describe the main contributions made in the 18th century to the theory of localized diseases. Identify the principle actors and be able to discuss their specific contributions.
(2) Be able to identify and explain the historical significance of these important 18th-century figures: Hermann Boerhaave, Giovanni Battista Morgagni, Marie Francois Xavier Bichat, James Lind, Edward Jenner, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu.
(3) What is the ‘cultural construction of disease’? Be able to give an example.
(4) Explain the underlying conception
of disease that underlies Edwin Chadwick's Report on the Sanitary Condition
of the Labouring Population of
(5) Be able to explain the significance of the work of these leading 19th century medical scientists: T. H. Laennec, Justus von Liebig, Rudolph Virchow. What main medical ideas did these researches advance?
(6) Describe and explain the
significance of the medical research of the '
(7) Explain the experimental philosophy of Claude Bernard and its significance for medical history. What were Bernard’s views on the morality of vivisection?
(8) What was the significance of Florence Nightingale's reforms? What concept(s) of disease guided her philosophy of hospital care?
(9) Describe the work of Ignaz Semmelweis and explain its significance for the history medicine and disease concepts.
(10) What were the most important 19th century breakthroughs in surgery, and who were the main figures involved?
(11) Trace the history of the concept of disease contagion from ancient times until the end of the 19th century.
(12) Be able to identify and to briefly describe the work of the principal contributors to the science of bacteriology in the 19th century.
(13) What were Koch's postulates and why were they important? What was the historical context of Koch's work?
(14) Throughout history, diseases have acted as metaphors for various non-medical concepts or ideologies; certain illnesses seem to have been more metaphor-laden than others. Be able to give examples of illnesses as metaphors and to discuss the significance of disease metaphors for medicine and culture.
(15) Identify the leading figures in the field of tropical medicine in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
(16) What were Philippe Pinel's methods of treating insanity and what was the significance of his work?
(17) What were the major arguments of
the eugenicists and what social and legislative measures did the eugenics
movement advocate for? (For details, see the web page on the American
eugenics movement, http://vector.cshl.org/eugenics/).